Uri: propagate per-component encoding

This allows `std.Uri.resolve_inplace` to properly preserve the fact
that `new` is already escaped but `base` may not be.  I originally tried
just moving `raw_uri` around, but it made uri resolution unmanagably
complicated, so I instead added per-component information to `Uri` which
allows extra allocations to be avoided when constructing uris with
components from different sources, and in some cases, deferring the work
all the way to when the uri is printed, where an allocator may not even
be needed.

Closes #19587

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